Scholarly papers in clinical sciences frequently report on how care impacted the patient, based on data obtained using Outcomes Assessment Tools and Screens (OATS). Authors should clearly state which version of the tool they used, and cite its source. Interested readers will want to view the tool and find more information about its development and recommended uses. The development and validation of these tools is usually documented in journal articles or at the developer's website.
On this page, citations for OATS used at Life West's Health Center are pre-formatted in NLM style for your convenience. When original sources are not yet identified, alternative information is given.
TIP: If submitting for publication, double-check that the citation refers to the version used during patient care.
The following OATS were in place at the Health Center as of May 2018.
The citations were last updated on May 14, 2018.
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Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire - DASH
General Anxiety Disorder Scale - GAD-7
Headache Disability Index - HDI
Lower Extremity Functional Scale - LEFS
McGill Pain Questionnaire (short form) - McGill
Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire MIDAS see also Peds - MIDAS
Neck Disability Index - NDI also known as Vernon-Mior Neck Disability Index
Numerical Rating Scale - NRS
Patient Heath Questionnaire - PHQ-9
Patient Heath Questionnaire - PHQ-9 Spanish Version for the USA
Roland Morris Low Back Pain and Disability Questionnaire - RM-LB
Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire - DASH
Hudak P, Amadio PC, Bombardier C, and the Upper Extremity Collaborative Group. Development of an Upper Extremity Outcome Measure: The DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand). American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1996; 29:602-608.
Institute for Work and Health. The DASH outcome measure [Internet]. Toronto, ON: the Institute. [cited 2018may10]. Available from: http://www.dash.iwh.on.ca/
General Anxiety Disorder Scale - GAD-7
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May 22;166(10):1092-7.
Screener overview [Internet]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc.; [cited 10May2018]. Available from: http://www.phqscreeners.com/select-screener
Headache Disability Index - HDI
Jacobson GP, Ramadan NM, Aggarwal SK, Newman CW. The Henry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory (HDI). Neurology. 1994 May;44(5):837-42.
Lower Extremity Functional Scale - LEFS
Binkley JM, Stratford PW, Lott SA, Riddle DL. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. North American Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Research Network. Phys Ther. 1999 Apr;79(4):371-83.
McGill Pain Questionnaire (short form) - McGill
Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain. 1987 Aug;30(2):191-7.
Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire - MIDAS see also Peds MIDAS
Stewart WF, Lipton R, Kolodner K, Liberman J, Sawyer J. Reliability of the migraine disability assessment score in a population- based sample of headache sufferers. Cephalalgia. 1999;19(2):107–114.
Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Whyte J, et al. An international study to assess reliability of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) score. Neurology. 1999;53(5):988–994.
Neck Disability Index - NDI also known as Vernon-Mior Neck Disability Index
Vernon H, Mior S. The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991 Sep;14(7):409-15. Erratum in: J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992 Jan;15(1):following table of contents.
Numerical Rating Scale - NRS
Johnson C. Measuring pain. Visual analog scale versus numeric pain scale: what is the difference? J Chiropr Med 2005; 4: 43–4.
Pain Disability Index - PDI
Chibnall JT, Tait RC. The Pain Disability Index: factor structure and normative data. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Oct;75(10):1082-6.
Pollard CA. Preliminary validity study of the pain disability index. Perceptual and motor skills. 1984;59:974.
Tait RC, Chibnall JT, Krause S. The Pain Disability Index: psychometric properties. Pain. 1990 Feb;40(2):171-82.
Patient Heath Questionnaire - PHQ-9
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2019May10]; 16(9), 606–613. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Screener overview [Internet]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc.; [cited 10May2018]. Available from: http://www.phqscreeners.com/select-screener
Patient Heath Questionnaire - PHQ-9 Spanish Version for the USA
Credit on OATS document: Elaborado por los doctores Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B.W. Williams, Kurt Kroenke y colegas, mediante una subvención educativa otorgada por Pfizer Inc. No se requiere permiso para reproducir, traducir, presentar o distribuir.
Screener overview [Internet]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc.; [cited 10May2018]. Available from: http://www.phqscreeners.com/select-screener
Peds MIDAS
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. PedMidas Tool [Internet]. Cincinnati, OH: the Center; [cited 2018May2]. Available from: https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/h/headache-center/pedmidas
RAND-36
RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 Questionnaire Items [Internet]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. [cited 2018May10]. Available from: https://www.rand.org/health/surveys_tools/mos/36-item-short-form/survey-instrument.html
Roland Morris Low Back Pain and Disability Questionnaire - RM-LB
Roland MO, Morris RW. A study of the natural history of back pain. Part 1: Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low back pain. Spine 1983; 8: 141-144.
Disability rating scale for low back pain: US English version of the Roland-Morris disability questionnaire from MAPI 2005 Roland Morris Questionnaire [Internet]. Roland Morris Questionnaire. [cited 2018May10]. Available from: http://www.rmdq.org/
[This version has 24 questions.]
Visual Analog Scale - VAS
Scott J, Huskisson EC. Graphic representation of pain. Pain 1976; 2: 175–84.
Johnson C. Measuring pain. Visual analog scale versus numeric pain scale: what is the difference? J Chiropr Med 2005; 4: 43–4.